04-01-91
Campo Environmental Protection Agency
Draft Solid Waste Management Plan
April 1991
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION TITLE PAGE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 OVERVIEW OF THE CAMPO INDIAN RESERVATION 1-1
1.1 Agencies Involved in Solid Waste 1-1
1.2 Population Trends 1-2
1.3 Reservation Characteristics 1-2
1.3.1 Geography and Geomorphology 1-2
1.3.2 Geology 1-4
1.3.3 Seismic Potential 1-5
1.3.4 Soils 1-5
1.3.5 Climate 1-5
1.3.6 Hydrology 1-10
1.3.6.1 Surface Water Resources 1-10
1.3.6.2 Ground-Water Resources 1-10
2 SOLID WASTE GENERATION/CHARACTERIZATION 2-1
2.1 Solid Waste Generation Trends 2-1
2.1.1 Campo Indian Reservation 2-1
2.1.2 San Diego County 2-2
2.2 Solid Waste Composition and Characteristics 2-5
2.2.1 Campo Indian Reservation 2-5
2.2.2 San Diego County 2-7
2.3 Source Reduction Programs 2-10
2.4 Special Waste Programs 2-12
2.5 Summary 2-13
3 SOLID WASTE STORAGE, COLLECTION, AND
TRANSPORTATION 3-1
3.1 Solid Waste Storage 3-1
3.2 Solid Waste Collection/Transportation 3-2
3.3 Contingency Plans 3-3
3.4 Summary 3-3
4 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL 4-1
4.1 Overview 4-1
4.2 Existing Disposal Facilities 4-2
4.2.1 Campo Indian Reservation 4-2
4.2.2 San Diego County 4-4
4.3 Future Disposal Needs 4-4
4.3.1 Campo Indian Reservation 4-5
4.3.2 San Diego County 4-5
4.4 Potential Sites for Solid Waste Disposal
Facilities 4-6
4.4.1 Siting Criteria 4-7
4.4.1.1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 4-7
4.4.1.2 California Water Resources Control Board 4-9
4.4.1.3 Integrated Waste Management Board 4-13
4.4.1.4 Campo Band of Mission Indians 4-15
4.4.2 Potential Disposal Facility Sites 4-16
4.5 Completed Landfills 4-19
4.6 Summary 4-20
5 RESOURCE RECOVERY PROCESSING AND REUSE 5-1
5.1 Overview 5-1
5.2 Identification of Types of Resource
Recovery Facilities 5-1
5.3 Existing Resource Recovery Facilities 5-4
5.3.1 Campo Indian Reservation 5-4
5.3.2 San Diego County 5-4
5.4 Future Resource Recovery Needs 5-4
5.4.1 Campo Indian Reservation 5-4
5.4.2 San Diego County 5-5
5.5 Potential Sites for Resource
Recovery Facilities 5-5
5.5.1 Siting Criteria for Resource
Recovery Facilities 5-5
5.5.2 Potential Siting Areas 5-5
5.6 Summary 5-6
6 HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTE 6-1
7 EDUCATION AND PUBLIC INFORMATION 7-1
8 ENFORCEMENT/IMPLEMENTATION 8-1
8.1 Program Goals and Objectives 8-1
8.2 Solid Waste Facility Permitting Procedures 8-2
8.3 Inspection and Compliance Procedures 8-2
8.4 Staff Training and Staff Needs 8-3
9 FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION 9-1
9.1 Finance and Administration 9-1
9.2 Funding Sources 9-1
10 REFERENCES 10-1
LIST OF FIGURES
NUMBER TITLE PAGE
1-1 Location of Campo Indian Reservation 1-3
1-2 Soils Map of the Campo Indian Reservation Area 1-9
4-1 Topographic Map of the Campo Indian Reservation 4-18
LIST OF TABLES
NUMBER TITLE PAGE
1-1 Modified Mercalli Scale, 1956 Version 1-6
1-2 Soils of the Campo Indian Reservation 1-7
2-1 Total Population in San Diego County by
Jurisdiction, 1985-2000 2-4
2-2 Solid Waste Generation in San Diego County by Region 2-6
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) PAGE
2-3 Estimated Percentages of Solid Waste Components, by Weight 2-8
2-4 Waste Stream Analysis, Component Factions of Combined
Samples, Miramar and Otay Landfils - March 1982 2-9
4-1 Modified Summary of Waste Management Strategies for
Discharges of Waste to Land as Required by California Water
Resources Control Board 4-17
6-1 Examples of Hazardous Ingredients in Common Household
Commodities 6-1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Solid Waste Management Plan is a planning and summary document of
the Campo Environmental Protection Agency (CEPA). The Solid Waste
Management Plan addresses issues related to the generation, handling,
transportation, storage, disposal and/or treatment of solid waste on
the Campo Indian Reservation. This document has been prepared by
CEPA, with the assistance of ERC Environmental and Energy Services
Company, Inc., pursuant to the Solid Waste Code of 1990. The Solid
Waste Management Plan establishes goals and priorities for solid waste
management and outlines resources required to attain those goals.
Recent achievements in solid waste management on the Campo Reservation
include the establishment of the Solid Waste Code and the
establishment of Solid Waste Regulations; these were adopted by the
General Council February 10, 1991. The Solid Waste Regulations govern
the siting, permitting, construction, operation, closure, and
post-closure maintenance of all solid waste facilities on the
Reservation including recycling, treatment, composting, and disposal
facilities.
Disposal in open dumps is prohibited on the Reservation. Further, all
solid waste, including but not limited to solid waste originating from
off-Reservation, must either be used for resource recovery, disposed
of in sanitary landfills, or otherwise disposed of in an
environmentally sound manner, and in compliance with CEPA rules and
regulations. Hazardous waste is not permitted to be generated,
handled, stored, treated, or disposed on the Reservation, with the
exception of household hazardous waste. Hazardous waste generated by
households will be managed through the CEPA household hazardous waste
program as described herein.
In addition, CEPA is initiating programs for solid waste collection
and transportation off the Reservation, as well as several special
wastes programs such as the junk car removal program.
ES-1
SECTION I
OVERVIEW OF THE CAMPO INDIAN RESERVATION
1.1 AGENCIES INVOLVED IN SOLID WASTE
Solid waste issues on the Campo Indian Reservation are the
responsibility of two main agencies, the General Council of the Campo
Band of Mission Indians (Campo Band) and the Campo Environmental
Protection Agency (CEPA).
The General Council is the legislative branch of the Tribal government
of the Campo Indian Reservation. It has used its authority to develop
general policies and procedures regarding solid waste management and
control. The General Council has also developed CEPA as the lead
Tribal Agency for solid waste management. CEPA is responsible for
various duties relating to the solid waste management program,
including the following:
o the implementation and enforcement of policies, ordinances
and regulations;
o the implementation of solid waste management plans;
o the collection, processing and disposal of solid waste;
o the development of procedures for carrying out permit and
inspection programs;
o the execution of studies and investigations regarding new
and/or improved methods of solid waste handling, recycling,
treatment, composting and disposal;
o the implementation of public information programs;
o the execution of studies on the nature, extent and methods
of reducing and controlling litter problems.
CEPA also has the authority to act on any complaints or actions of
violation of law, regulation, or permit concerning solid waste, and to
determine an appropriate course of action including such actions as
issuance of cease and desist orders; suspension, revocation or
modification of permits; and imposition of civil penalties. CEPA is
also responsible for the monitoring of soil, water and air quality,
and enforcing the soil, water and air quality requirements as
established by the General Council.
FIGURE 1-1 LOCATION OF CAMPO INDIAN RESERVATION - SEE HARD COPY
1.2 POPULATION TRENDS
The total Campo Band enrollment is 214, with approximately half of the
membership living off-Reservation. Projected growth trends of the
Campo Band indicate that the total enrollment will reach 355 by the
year 2005; the percentage of the membership living off-Reservation
will remain at roughly 50 percent
1.3 RESERVATION CHARACTERISTICS
The Campo Indian Reservation encompasses approximately 15,480 acres in
southeast San Diego County, approximately 70 miles southeast of
downtown San Diego. The Reservation consists of two separate areas;
the main Campo Reservation encompasses approximately 14,870 acres, and
the smaller portion of 610 acres (Figure 1-1).
The main Campo Indian Reservation is bordered on the south by the
United States/Mexico international border, 0.4 miles south of the
Campo Indian Reservation border. The Reservation is bounded on the
north by the Manzanita Indian Reservation. Interstate 8 and Highway
94 bisect the Reservation, while the San Diego-Arizona Eastern
Railroad transacts the southern portion of the Reservation (U.S.G.S.
quadrangles: Cameron Corners, Campo, Live Oak Springs and Tierra del
Sol) (Figure 1-1).
1.3.1 Geography and Geomorphology
The Reservation lies within the geomorphic province of the Peninsular
Ranges. This large province is bounded on the west by the Pacific
Ocean and on the east by the by the Colorado Desert province. The
province consists of large fault blocks, oriented in a
northwest-southeast direction. These blocks have a gentle westerly
slope and a steep eastern slope. The regional faulting has produced a
joint trend that strikes N 10 W to N 20 W. There is also a major joint
trend that strikes N 80 W to due west (Bond 1971).
The major body of rock that underlies the province is the igneous
complex of the Southern California Batholith. More specifically, the
Reservation overlies the La Posta Pluton. Associated with the La
Posta Pluton are regional cooling joints, which in the Reservation
area strike northwest.
Topographically, the landform of the Reservation is the result of
uplifting of an old erosional surface (peneplain) followed by the
incision of streams (Chambers Group Inc., 1990). The regional joint
patterns have been a controlling factor in erosion. The steep canyons
are controlled by the northwest trending structural and cooling
joints, while the east-west joint pattern has controlled the direction
and location of the principal stream channels.
The present day drainage pattern is trellis in nature, and the
topography is composed of gently rolling hills. The elevations range
from 3180 to 4561 feet above mean sea level. The primary process
controlling the present topography is weathering by exfoliation. In
this process the crystalline rock weathers in a uniform concentric
manner producing rounded hills and large round crystalline remnants.
1.3.2 Geology
The geology of the Reservation is a result of Nevadan age plutonism
(115 to 120 million years ago). This plutonic complex forms the
Southern California Batholith. Common types of rocks found in the
general area include gabbro, quartz diorite (tonalite) and
granodiorite (Reese-Chambers Systems Consultants, Inc. (RCSC) 1990).
The basement complex is composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks.
The basement rock includes Cretaceous-age Woodson Mountain
Granodiorite and San Marcos Gabbro, Jurassic-age Stonewall Quartz
Diorite, and the Triassic-age metamorphic Julian Schist (Moyle and
Downing 1977).
The younger rocks are primarily tonalites (quartz diorites) and their
weathering products. The tonalites include the Lakeview Mountain
Tonalite and the Bonsall Tonalite both of Cretaceous age (Moyle and
Downing 1977). These tonalites are white to gray colored and are
medium to coarsely crystalline. A tonalite is typically composed of
60 percent quartz (RCSC 1990). The tonalite weathers to depths of 200
feet and is primarily weathered by exfoliation (Westin 1974).
Surficial deposits of Quaternary alluvium exist in the stream valleys.
The alluvium is typically composed of gravel, sand, silt and clay. The
thickness of the alluvium varies from I to 100 feet (Moyle and Downing
1977).
1.3.3 Seismic Potential
There are no known active faults in the immediate vicinity, although,
a few small faults of unknown nature exist in close proximity (RCSC
1990). Known active faults in the region include the Elsinore Fault
Zone and the San Jacinto Fault Zone. The maximum credible earthquakes
on these faults are 7 and 7.5 on the Richter Scale respectively. The
Elsinore is the closest fault zone (approximately 15 miles to the
northeast) of the Reservation. The maximum ground acceleration
predicted in the Campo Reservation area is 0.3g, which would result in
modified Mercalli Intensity of VIII (Table 1-1).
1.3.4 Soils
Twelve different soils exist on the Campo Indian Reservation (Table
1-2). Most of the soils are coarse sandy loams and are well to
excessively drained. Most of the soils may be characterized by
moderate to rapid permeability; runoff is slow to moderate and erosion
is slight to moderate. In general, soils exist on moderate sloping
surfaces and are found on alluvial fans, uplands and somewhat on
mountainous areas (Bowman 1975) (Figure 1-2). A site investigation
in the southern portion of the Reservation has revealed poor soil
development (Dames & Moore personal communication 1991).
1.3.5 Climate
The Reservation is located in a transitional environment between the
arid desert zone and the cool Mediterranean zone found in the Mount
Laguna area. The average temperature ranges from 58.1 to 94.3 degrees
Fahrenheit (Pryde 1976).
A century of rainfall records indicate the average annual rainfall to
be 16.54 inches per year. The range of annual rainfall varies from
35.31 inches in 1891 to 5.07 inches in 1989 (RCSC 1990).
TABLE 1-1: MODIFIED MERCALLI SCALE, 1956 VERSION - SEE HARD COPY
Table 1-2
SOILS OF THE CAMPO INDIAN RESERVATION
Soil Percent
Symbol Soil Name Slope Description
CaC Calpine Coarse 5 to 9 Well drained; form over granite
sandy loam alluvium; runoff slow to medium;
erosion hazard slight to moderate;
permeability is moderately rapid.
CaC2 Calpine coarse 5 to 9 Well drained; sheet erosion common;
sandy loam runoff slow to medium; erosion
hazard slight to moderate;
permeability is moderately rapid.
KcC Kitchen Creek 5 to 9 Excessively drained; forms in
loamy coarse sand material derived from
granodiorite; exists on gently
rolling broad ridges; permeability
is moderately rapid; runoff is
slow to medium; erosion hazard is
slight to medium.
KcD2 Kitchen Creek 9 to 15 Excessively drained; forms over
loamy coarse sand decomposed granitic rock; strongly
sloping; runoff is medium; erosion
hazard is moderate; rill and gully
erosion is moderate.
LaE2 La Posta 5 to 30 Excessively drained; forms over
loamy coarse sand granodiorite; forms on gently
rolling to hilly topography;
permeability is rapid; runoff is
medium; erosion hazard is
moderate; rill and gully erosion
is moderate.
LaE3 La Posta 5 to 30 Severely eroded; heavy rill and
loamy coarse sand gully erosion; runoff is medium;
erosion hazard is moderate to
high; permeability is rapid.
LcE2 La Posta 5 to 30 Eroded; rill and gully erosion is
rocky loamy coarse moderate; runoff is medium; erosion
sand hazard is moderate.
Lu Loamy alluvial 0 to 5 Occurs in valleys; poorly drained;
land very deep silty and sandy loams;
permeability is moderate.
MvC Mottsville 2 to 9 Occurs in valleys and alluvial fans;
loamy coarse sand excessively drained; permeability
is very rapid; runoff is slow to
medium; erosion hazard is slight
to medium.
MvD Mottsville 9 to 15 Occurs in alluvial fans; excessively
loamy coarse sand drained; runoff is medium;
erosion hazard is moderate.
ToE2 Tollhouse 5 to 30 Excessively drained; shallow to
rocky coarse sandy very shallow; occurs on slopes in
loam mountain upland; rocky outcrops;
permeability is rapid; runoff is
medium to rapid; erosion hazard is
moderate to high.
To6 Tollhouse 30 to 65 Occurs on steep to very steep
rocky coarse sandy slopes; large boulders cover up 20
loam to 25 percent of the area; runoff
is rapid to very rapid; erosion
hazard is high to very high.
Source: Bowman 1975
1.3.6 Hydrology
The Reservation is located in the Campo Subunit of the Tia Juana
Hydrographic Unit (California State Water Resources Control Board
[RWQCB] 1975).
1.3.6.1 Surface Water Resources
A majority of the surface flow in the main Reservation drains to Campo
Creek, which flows to the west to the Tia Juana River. A small
portion of land east of the Tecate Divide drains to the east. Campo
Creek is a large intermittent creek that flows through Diablo Valley.
Several springs in Diablo Canyon discharge perennially. A few of
these springs are located off-Reservation at the town of Live Oak
Springs.
The beneficial uses for surface water in this area are delineated by
the San Diego Region of the California State Water Resources Control
Board and include: water contact and non-contact recreation, warm
water fish habitat and wildlife habitat (RWQCB 1975). Extensive
utilization of the surface water seems improbable because of the lack
of abundant constant surface flow.
1.3.6.2 Ground-Water Resources
This portion of San Diego County in which the Reservation is located
is dependent on the ground-water resources locally available.
Beneficial uses of ground water include: municipal/domestic water
supply, agricultural water supply, industrial water supply and
potential ground-water recharge (RWQCB 1975).
In the general vicinity of the Campo Indian Reservation, the primary
source of ground water is located in the residual weathered material
from the tonalite rocks. There is also some ground water found in the
open fractures of the deeper unweathered tonalite (Chambers Group,
Inc. 1990). Site investigations in the southern portion of the
Reservation have found residual weathered rock that range from 80 to
100 feet thick (Dames & Moore personal communication 1991). Valleys
such as Campo Creek Valley contain varying thicknesses of alluvial
fill. This alluvial fill is often saturated and is a source of ground
water.
The water table roughly conforms to the surface topography, with the
topographic highs acting as local ground water divides. In general,
the depth to ground water is greater on the topographic highs and the
depth to ground-water is at a minimum in the valleys (RCSC 1990). The
depth to ground water in this region varies from 20 to 80 feet below
the ground surface (Westin 1974). The topography maintains a strong
control on ground-water flow directions, and the regional ground-water
flow direction appears to be towards the southwest. Wells in the area
may be expected to produce 2 to 200 gallons per minute. Springs and
seeps occur throughout the Reservation (RCSC 1990).
Ground-water quality in the vicinity of the Reservation is generally
good to excellent, although, some water samples have revealed high
concentrations of nitrates. The ground water is typically calcium or
sodium bicarbonate in character with total dissolved solids ranging
from 250 to 750 milligrams/liter (RWQCB 1975).
SECTION 2
SOLID WASTE GENERATION/CHARACTERIZATION
2.1 SOLID WASTE GENERATION TRENDS
This subsection includes a discussion of solid waste generated by
residents of the Campo Indian Reservation. The discussion is focused
on the amount of solid waste currently generated within the exterior
boundaries of the Reservation and the amount that may be generated in
the future. In addition, this subsection includes a discussion of
solid waste generated in the County of San Diego. Population trends,
projected growth, and density distributions for San Diego County are
provided to estimate the amount of waste that may potentially be
imported to the Reservation.
2.1.1 Campo Indian Reservation
As provided in Section 1.2, the present population of the Reservation
(Campo Band members living on the Reservation) is roughly 110, and
estimates for the year 2005 indicate that approximately 180 people
will reside within the boundaries of the Reservation at that time.
The estimate of the amount of solid waste generated on the Reservation
is based upon types of "operations" generating waste and on studies of
typical waste streams. For example, a community's solid waste stream
may consist of residential, industrial, agricultural, and commercial
waste. The waste streams generated on the Reservation are primarily
residential. A small commercial waste stream is generated by the
Campo Tribal Hall; the sand and gravel, farming and ranching
activities on the Reservation essentially are waste-free.
According to a study conducted by the U.S. Congress, Office of
Technology Assessment (OTA) in which sample information was obtained
on solid waste generation rates for 28 cities and 9 counties in the
United States (the cities and counties were selected to represent
large and small communities from all regions of the country), the
average per-capita generation rate of residential waste is 2.6 pounds
per day, or approximately 0.48 tons per year.
Per capita solid waste generation for solid waste streams consisting
of residential, commercial, and institutional wastes may be affected
by a variety of factors. Factors include geographic location, season
of the year, socioeconomic status, household size, demands for
convenience, degree of urbanization, legislation, and public
attitudes. Tchobanoglous et al. (1977) provides a typical per capita
generation rate from residential and commercial sources as 3.5 pounds
per day (0.64 tons per year). OTA's study resulted in a generation
rate average of 4.5 pounds per day per person (0.82 tons per year per
person) for waste streams consisting of residential waste in addition
to wastes from commercial and industrial sources. The California
Waste Management Board reported in 1985 that on an average, almost 1.5
tons of solid waste are generated annually for each person in
California (CWMB 1985).
Based on these data and the fact that solid waste generated on the
Reservation is primarily from residential sources, a per-capita solid
waste generation rate of 0.50 tons per year will be used as a basis
for solid waste management planning at the Campo Indian Reservation.
This rate may increase in the future if industrial or commercial
operations are established on the Reservation; this rate may decrease
in the future if waste reduction and recycling efforts are successful.
A solid waste generation rate of 0.5 tons per person per year is
nearly 2.75 pounds of solid waste per person per day. This is roughly
equivalent to 77 pounds per week of solid waste for each family of 4
living on the Reservation. For population estimates for residents of
the Reservation of 110 in 1990 and 180 in 2005, the estimated amount
of solid waste generated on the Reservation is currently 55 tons per
year, and 90 tons per year in 15 years.
2.1.2 San Diego County
Solid waste generation trends for the County of San Diego are provided
below. Inclusion of this information is provided to evaluate the
extent to which the Campo Indian Reservation and the County may share
in solid waste responsibilities.
The San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG) is the regional
agency that collects population data and distributes the information
to its member agencies. According to SANDAG, the population in San
Diego County increased by 648,000 persons from 1,874,800 to 2,522,800
from 1980 through 1989. The population in the County was determined
to be 2.1 million in 1985.
The largest numeric increases in population from 1980 to 1990 are
attributed to San Diego (235,000), Oceanside (51,700), Chula Vista
(51,236), Escondido (44,280), and Vista (36,038). The five
jurisdictions which grew by the greatest percentage are San Marcos
(123.0 percent), Vista (100.6 percent), Carlsbad (77.9 percent),
Escondido (68.8 percent), and Oceanside (67.4 percent). San Diego and
unincorporated areas (Poway, Santee, Encinitas, and Solana Beach were
not incorporated at the time of the 1980 census, however, combined
population data was reviewed) had the largest population in 1990,
with 1.1 million and 398,000, respectively. While Chula Vista,
Oceanside, and Escondido had populations of 135,000, 128,000, and
108,000, respectively.
Population projections forecast an increase to 3.2 million persons by
the year 2010; the projected forecast indicates a population increase
of approximately 44,000 new residents a year. This is "a nearly 50
percent increase in the existing population ..." (SANDAG). Roughly
75 percent of San Diego County's annual increase is expected from
migration, while 25 percent is expected to be due to natural increase
within the resident population.
SANDAG compiled population data for San Diego and its incorporated
cities and projected populations of each region for the year 2000.
Table 2-1 depicts SANDAG's findings. According to the table, Carlsbad
and San Marcos will be the fastest growing cities with increases in
population of roughly 92 percent and 108 percent respectively. Other
North County cities that will experience a rapid growth rate through
the year 2000 are Oceanside with an increase of 41 percent and Poway
with increases of 35 percent. The cities around San Diego Bay will
experience lower growth rates over the next 10 years. Imperial Beach
is expected to have the greatest population increase with growth of
approximately 24 percent. In East County, Lemon Grove and Santee will
have the largest population increases, 25 percent and 45 percent
respectively, while La Mesa and El Cajon are expected to show very low
growth rates. SANDAG estimates that the City of San Diego's
population will increase by roughly 17 percent with a significant
portion of that growth occurring in the Otay Mesa border area of the
City.
As the population of San Diego County has increased over the years,
the quantity of solid waste generated in the county has also been
steadily increasing. According to the San Diego County Regional Solid
Waste Management Plan, dated 1986, the per-capita solid waste
generation rate in San Diego County in 1985 was estimated to be 1.455
tons per year. The economic base within San Diego County is heavily
dependent upon trade, influence generation rates are primarily
economic; the types of industry and amount of construction in the
County will greatly influence per capita solid waste generation rates.
Based upon a population of 2.7 million in San Diego County in the year
2000, the amount of waste generated at that time in the County may be
3.5 million tons to 5.8 million tons per year, compared to
approximately 3.1 million tons per year in 1985.
TABLE 2-1: TOTAL POPULATION IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY BY JURISDICTION
1985-2000 - SEE HARD COPY
2.2 SOLID WASTE COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS
This subsection includes an evaluation of the nature of the solid
waste generated by residents of the Campo Indian Reservation. In
addition, this subsection includes a discussion of the nature of solid
waste generated in the County of San Diego. The information provided in
this subsection may be used by CEPA in planning for various solid waste
management techniques.
2.2.1 Campo Indian Reservation
The solid waste generated on the Campo Indian Reservation is primarily
residential waste. Residential solid waste typically is composed of
food wastes and rubbish such as paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles,
leather, wood, furniture, garden trimmings, glass, crockery, aluminum
cans, metals, and soil.
TABLE 2-2: SOLID WASTE GENERATION IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY BY REGION - SEE
HARD COPY
Industrial, agricultural, or commercial waste streams are generally
not generated at the present time on the Reservation. Activities at
the Campo Tribal Hall generate office wastes such as office/computer
paper, and infectious wastes at the medical clinic such as hypodermic
needles, and cotton balls. In addition, septic tanks associated with
buildings on the Reservation are periodically pumped.
The residential waste generated on the Reservation is likely to
contain an amount of recyclable material. Data compiled by OTA from
nine studies indicate that the largest categories of materials in
solid waste by weight (solid waste meaning combined residential,
commercial, industrial waste streams) are paper and yard wastes.
Table 2-3 summarizes these studies. Variation in the estimates can be
attributed to differences in sampling and definitions. Other possible
causes of variability include location, socioeconomic conditions and
seasonality. These data may serve to assess the percentage of paper,
metal, glass and plastics that comprise the residential waste stream
on the Reservation. It is estimated that 60 percent of the
residential waste generated within the Reservation's boundaries is
made up of paper, plastic, glass, and metal.
2.2.2 San Diego County
The character of the waste generated in San Diego County has changed
slightly in the past two decades. Since 1970 plastics in the waste
stream have increased roughly 6 percent to make up nearly 8 percent of
the total waste generated. In addition, recycling efforts have caused
a reduction of ferrous metal cans and an increase of aluminum cans.
In 1982 a waste composition study was conducted at the Miramar and
Otay landfills to assess waste components of the the waste stream.
Table 2-4 represents the results of the study. The samples were taken
from both landfills and were chosen at random, representing both
residential and commercial waste sources. Analysis of the samples was
performed within each of the three waste sources on a residential,
commercial, and combined basis. The results of this study also
indicate that 60 percent of residential waste is composed of paper,
plastic, metal, and glass.
TABLE 2-3: ESTIMATED PERCENTAGES OF SOLID WASTE COMPONENTS, BY
WEIGHT - SEE HARD COPY
TABLE 2-4: WASTE STREAM ANALYSIS COMPONENT FACTIONS OF COMBINED
SAMPLES MIRAMAR AND OTAY LANDFILLS - MARCH 1982 (ALL
VALUES IN PERCENT) - SEE HARD COPY
2.3 SOURCE REDUCTION PROGRAMS
Preceding paragraphs discussed the amount and type of solid waste
generated on the Reservation and that expected to be generated in the
future. The amount of solid waste generated minus the amount reduced
or recycled is the amount of solid waste that must either be disposed
or treated. Solid waste disposal and treatment are discussed in
Sections 4 and 5 of the CEPA Solid Waste Management Plan.
A discussion of CEPA's source reduction programs is provided below.
Source reduction programs include both reducing the amount of solid
waste generated and recycling solid waste that is generated. These
programs are aimed at decreasing the amount of solid waste that must
be landfilled or treated.
Waste reduction includes all measures that will:
o Keep products and containers out of the waste stream by
extending product life and the reuse of products and
containers in their original form.
o Decrease the amount of material discarded by reducing
unnecessary consumption or by using products that lead to
less waste.
o Reduce the material used and discarded in the production
process.
CEPA's waste reduction program essentially involves public education
efforts to provide consumers with information on reducing volumes of
residential waste. Consumers can participate in waste reduction in
many ways, including the following:
o Purchase products with waste reduction in mind. Products
with minimum packaging contribute to the goal of waste
reduction. Often purchasing products in bulk form almost
eliminates the need for packaging.
o Purchase products that have combined purpose, are
repairable, are reused or can be recycled, and are built
for quality and longevity.
o Repair items instead of buying new ones.
o Pass useful discards onto others through garage sales or
service organizations.
o Reuse containers whenever possible.
o Buy beverages in refillable containers.
o Avoid throwaway items such as paper cups, disposable
razors, disposable lighters.
CEPA's waste reduction program concentrates on preventing excessive
waste generation at its source, while CEPA's recycling program deals
with waste once it has been generated. Below is a discussion of
recycling efforts on the Reservation.
The solid waste streams generated on the Reservation are primarily
household wastes, with some office waste. It is estimated that nearly
60 percent of the waste generated on the Reservation is recyclable.
As such, the primary method for the reduction of the volume of solid
waste to be ultimately disposed in landfills or treated, is through
the recycling of paper, ferrous metal, aluminum, glass, and plastics.
As a collective goal, the Campo Band is committed to reducing the
amount of solid waste that must be disposed or treated. Because the
amount of recyclable wastes (i.e., paper, ferrous metal, aluminum,
glass and plastics) produced on the Reservation is smaller than would
be feasible for CEPA to create unique markets for recyclables, CEPA's
source reduction program consists of bringing household recyclables to
established recycling centers in San Diego County.
The San Diego County Department of Public Works and the City of San
Diego Waste Management Department currently operate the I Love A Clean
San Diego recycling program. The program consists of recycling
centers and curbside programs located throughout the county.
Currently, San Diego County offers two curbside pick-up locations in
Campo. One location on Buckman Springs Road (1 mile north of Highway
94 at Cameron Comers), accepts aluminum cans, newspaper, California
redemption value glass, and other glass for donation only. Bins are
located at this location Friday through Monday from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00
p.m.. The second program is located at 32102 Highway 94 and is
coordinated by Rocky Mountain Recycling. Rocky Mountain Recycling
will reimburse deposits of aluminum cans, aluminum scrap, other metal,
newspaper, California redemption value glass, and other glass on
Fridays, Saturdays and Mondays from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. and on
Wednesday from 11:00 a.m. from 5:00 p.m. (To confirm indicated
pick-up locations and times, the number for the recycling program is
(619) 270-8189 or 1-800-237-2583.)
Currently recycling is conducted on an individual basis on the
Reservation. Band-wide efforts are being initiated, and recycling of
paper generated in the tribal office will begin no later than Fall
1991. CEPA is also considering the acquisition of several containers
for the collection of recyclable materials from households such as
paper, glass, metal, and plastics (California redemption value).
These would be clearly labeled as designated for specific recycle
categories of waste materials, placed near the Tribal Hall and emptied
by a Band member on a regular basis. Revenues generated will help to
offset costs of solid waste collection services on the Reservation.
The Campo Band members do not dispose yard wastes or septic tank
wastes into the solid waste stream, and reduction of these waste
streams by treatment or recycling is therefore not considered in the
source reduction programs. Yard wastes are not generated in large
quantities and are generally either used as fuel or absorbed into
natural terrain on the Reservation. Septic tanks on the Reservation
are pumped on a periodic basis, roughly every three years, by the
Indian Health Authority. The septic sludge is ultimately disposed
into the City of San Diego's municipal wastewater system.
2.4 SPECIAL WASTE PROGRAMS
CEPA has initiated several special waste programs on the Reservation.
These include the junk car program and the infectious waste program,
which are described below.
Several Band members retain a number of cars near their homes. These
cars are used for a variety of purposes including maintenance as a
hobby, a supply of spare parts, etc. Many of the cars are in
disrepair and are not available for their intended purpose. CEPA has
initiated a junk car program to aid Band members in the disposal of
the derelict cars.
CEPA has contacted of a number of salvage companies to inquire about
options for the disposal of the derelict cars on the Reservation.
Most of the salvage companies contacted offer free pick-up service,
regardless of distance, if the derelict cars are of some value. If
the salvage company deems the cars "valueless" upon arrival, a charge
per car (roughly $75) could be incurred. Companies such as Ecology
Auto Wrecking and Wrecks-R-Us have indicated interest in the derelict
cars. At such time as CEPA desires, these companies will arrange a
site visit to set up procedures for removing the existing derelict
cars and to arrange for future disposition of abandoned and derelict
vehicles.
The medical clinic at the Campo Tribal Hall generates roughly 10 to 20
pounds of waste each month. This waste is legally classified as
medical waste according to California laws (California Health and
Safety Code, Division 20, Chapter 6.1, Section 25023.2). It is picked
up on a monthly basis by B.F.I. Medical Waste Systems of San Diego
(EPA ID No. CAD980891378) which disposes of the waste in the County
Landfill at Miramar after treating it by steam sterilization.
Other special waste programs that may be initiated in the future
include waste oil recycling and tire collections. Current options for
the disposal of waste oil are discussed in Section 6.
2.5 SUMMARY
It is estimated that 55 tons of solid waste, mainly residential, is
generated on the Campo Indian Reservation each year. A large
percentage of this waste is of material that may be recycled. The
source reduction and special waste programs on the Reservation are
designed to reduce the amount of generated waste that is ultimately
disposed in sanitary landfills, both to increase landfill life and to
keep restricted wastes from sanitary landfills; to comply with
requirements for solid waste storage, and disposal; and to create
aesthetic improvements.
Several source reduction and special waste programs are in place such
as recycling of household-generated glass, metal, and paper, and the
treatment of infectious waste generated by the medical clinic. The
goals for these programs are to maintain and improve them such as by
aiding the household recycling program by offering a more convenient
method for recycling.
Source reduction and special waste programs that are not yet in place
include the waste oil recycling program and the office-generated paper
recycling program. Goals for these programs are to recycle 50 percent
of the waste oil and office paper generated on the Reservation by Fall
1991.
2-13
SECTION 3
SOLID WASTE STORAGE, COLLECTION, AND TRANSPORTATION
Storage, collection and transportation of solid waste generated on the
Reservation is regulated by CEPA pursuant in Part 510 of the Solid
Waste Regulations. Waste storage must be sanitary, removal of waste
must be efficient and safe, and waste storage containers must be
maintained. Solid waste may not be allowed to remain in storage for
more than seven days except when: disruptions due to strikes occur;
severe weather conditions or other natural events make collection
impossible using normal collection equipment; or official holidays
interrupt the normal seven-day collection cycle, in which case
collection may be postponed until the next working day. This section
provides current conditions for solid waste storage, collection, and
transportation and CEPA's goals for these aspects of solid waste
management
3.1 SOLID WASTE STORAGE
At present, solid waste generated on the Reservation is accumulated at
the place of generation, namely individual residences or the Tribal
Hall. Containers at residences are provided by individuals; there are
several oversized bins located at the parking lot near the Tribal Hall.
CEPA will provide storage bins with capacity enough for Reservation
residents to dispose of their weekly generated household refuse. The
storage bins will be placed at a designated area near the Tribal Hall.
CEPA will also provide information on sanitary storage at individual
residences.
Litter
The CEPA Solid Waste Regulations prohibit littering. Littering is
defined as the conscious or unconscious act of discarding any object
at a place other than a lawful intermediate or final disposal
facility. Litter damages the overall quality of the environment and
when left to accumulate can pose health, fire, and safety hazards;
potential air, water and visual pollution; and danger to wildlife.
Although litter currently is not a problem on the Reservation,
prevention of litter is a goal of CEPA. Regularly maintained litter
receptacles are kept at locations of which people congregate
regularly, including the Tribal Hall. Significantly less labor is
needed to collect trash from containers than to pick it up.
3.2 SOLID WASTE COLLECTION/TRANSPORTATION
At present, solid waste generated on the Reservation is transported
off the Reservation site to a disposal facility by individual
residents who generate the waste. A commercial service for the
collection of solid waste from the ___residences on the Reservation
has never been instituted; however, CEPA will institute such a service
within a few months.
CEPA will provide a weekly service to residences on the Reservation by
one or a combination of two methods. CEPA will either enter into a
contract with a commercial solid waste collection company or will
provide the service from within the tribe for regular collection of
solid waste to be transported to a Class III sanitary landfill. The
selected solid waste collection service shall be established by Fall
1991.
Laidlaw Waste Systems is the only known commercial company that can
service the Campo area. Laidlaw could supply the reservation with
four centrally located bins with a volume of 6 cubic yards each. The
bins would be lifted once weekly for a flat monthly service charge.
Laidlaw could supply the reservation with one centrally located bin
with a volume of 40 cubic yards. Delivery of the bin requires a
one-time charge and each lift has a charge. Thirty-nine residences
and the Tribal Center are estimated to generate enough solid waste to
require a minimum of two lifts per month.
A weekly solid waste collection service provided within the tribe for
regular collection of solid waste is the option most favored by CEPA
and the General Council. This would entail either the purchase or
lease of a collection vehicle, and the hiring of 1 or 2 people, likely
Campo Band members, to perform the service on a weekly basis.
San Diego County's Sycamore landfill is the closest permitted Class
III disposal facility to the Reservation. The tribe would need to
obtain a collector's permit to collect and transport solid waste
generated on the Reservation to use County facilities. There is an
initial permit fee of $200.00 and also a fee of $100.00 per vehicle
for inspection and decal. The annual permit renewal fee is $25.00.
The tipping fee for the Sycamore landfill is currently $18.00 per ton;
however, the price will increase to $23.00 per ton July 1, 1991.
3.3 CONTINGENCY PLANS
This subsection describes CEPA's contingency plans for solid waste
storage, collection and transportation. The contingency plans to
protect the public health and to comply with CEPA Solid Waste
Regulations in situations that are unpredictable or unpreventable. If
solid waste collection is not performed on a regular basis wastes
accumulate, exceed storage capacity, and create both a nuisance and a
health hazard. Spoilage of putruscibles in uncollected waste can
attract vectors and rodents which further endanger public health.
Labor Disputes
Solid waste collection service on the reservation will be provided by
two (Band members) hired by CEPA. These people would be a part-time
employees working roughly 12 hours per week. In the event that one or
both employees could not work on a particular trash collection day the
service could be postponed one day. Otherwise, the service may be
conducted on a particular week by just one person. CEPA should have
at least one "reserve" person who could perform the duties in the
event that service be interrupted for more than one day.
Fuel Shortages
CEPA is considering additional fuel storage to ensure energy supplies
necessary to perform solid waste collection.
Equipment Breakdown.
CEPA will provide maintenance to its vehicle(s) to minimize the
impact of equipment breakdowns. It may be possible to have the
vehicle replaced, if leased, may be able to be replaced by the leasing
company if it requires maintenance/repair that would exceed a few
days. To reduce service disruption and the potential for breakdown,
CEPA will ensure that the vehicle meets strict performance and safety
standards.
3.4 SUMMARY
Proper storage, collection, and transportation of solid waste
generated on the Reservation is a high priority of CEPA. CEPA is
actively establishing service and equipment required to ensure that
solid waste storage is sanitary, littering is minimized, waste
collection is timely, and transportation of the waste to a proper
facility is efficient, safe and uninterrupted.
A solid waste collection service for residents of the Reservation will
be established by Fall, 1991.
SECTION 4
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
Disposal facilities on the Reservation are regulated by CEPA pursuant
to Part 530 of the Solid Waste Regulations. The Regulations require
that disposal facilities be equipped with engineering features
including synthetic and clay liners, leachate and gas detection and
collection systems, and cover systems that are designed to minimize
and detect releases of potentially contaminants into the environment.
This section provide an evaluation of existing and future disposal
options for solid waste.
4.1 OVERVIEW
Waste disposal by open dumping characteristically has few or no
environmental controls. Solid waste management by open dumping often
results in unsanitary conditions, methane explosions, and releases of
hazardous substances to surface water, ground water and the
atmosphere. On the national level, old municipal landfills (former
open dumps) make up approximately 22 percent of the hazardous waste
sites on the Superfund National Priorities List. Open dumping is
prohibited on the Campo Indian Reservation.
Sanitary landfills are the primary method for current solid waste
management in the United States. The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) has estimated that about 80 percent of all solid waste
generated in 1986 was landfilled. Landfilling typically refers to
disposing of waste on land in a series of compacted layers and
covering it at regular intervals with tarps, soil or other materials
such as compost.
Today's sanitary landfills usually consist of a base liner of natural
or synthetic material (or both). Once a "cell" is excavated and the
leachate collection system and liner in place, solid waste is
deposited and compacted in vertical "lifts" and cover is applied. If
sufficient soil is available from cell excavation, this soil is
stockpiled and used for daily, intermediate and/or final cover. If
sufficient quantity and quality of soil are not available from
excavation activities, cover material would need to be imparted from
an offsite "soil borrow" location.
On lands under the jurisdiction of the State of California, daily,
intermediate, and final soil cover requirements are provided for in
the California Code of Regulations, Titles 14 and 23. Currently there
are no specific federal criteria for municipal solid waste landfill
facilities. However, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has
developed proposed minimum criteria for municipal solid waste landfill
facilities including siting; facility design (leachate collection
systems, chemical resistance of liner systems, cover systems, etc.)
and operation; ground water monitoring; corrective action
requirements; closure-postclosure care; and, financial
responsibilities. These requirements will be enacted under the
authority of the Clean Water Act and the Resource Conservation an
Recovery Act. The final regulations have been revised based on public
comments and input from other agencies. They are currently in the
administrative process for final approval. The current schedule for
promulgation of the final rule for municipal solid waste landfills is
Fall 1991.
Approximately three-fourths of solid waste by weight is organic waste
(e.g., paper, yard waste, and food waste) and about one-fourth is
inorganic (e.g., metals and glass). Organic wastes are biodegradable
and can decompose under proper landfill conditions to produce carbon
dioxide, methane, organic acids, ammonia, water, and other chemicals.
In contrast, inorganic wastes are not biodegradable and remain
essentially unchanged over time.
The EPA estimates that about 80 percent of all solid waste in the
United States was landfilled in 1986. Moreover, EPA estimates that
over 80 percent of the landfills operating in the United States in
1988 will close by the year 2008. As other methods of solid waste
management become more common, such as recycling and incineration,
landfills will continue to be needed to manage nonrecyclable,
noncombustible materials.
4.2 EXISTING DISPOSAL FACILITIES
This subsection provides a discussion of existing disposal facilities
both on the Reservation and in San Diego County. The information
provided will aid in the evaluation of future disposal needs. Future
disposal needs are discussed in Section 4.3.
4.2.1 Campo Indian Reservation
Solid waste is generated from the approximately 28 households on the
main reservation and 11 households on the old reservation. No formal
public or commercial solid waste collection and disposal service has
been used to date and prior to the recent promulgation of solid waste
regulations. Until recently, individual households have disposed of
solid waste within Reservation boundaries on the main Reservation, in
an area generally accepted as the "designated disposal area."
The main open dump is located in a ravine alongside a road roughly 1
mile north of the Tribal Center. The ravine contains a variety of
municipal waste including "white goods" (appliances), furniture,
tires, and derelict cars, although the majority of the wastes were
general household refuse. In addition, there are several drums, as
well as metal containers that may have originally held automotive
fluids such as coolant and engine oil. The dimensions of the disposal
area are approximately 100 feet by 200 feet, with a maximum depth of 6
to 8 feet. Though no longer in use this area has been deliberately
used for solid waste disposal by Reservation households for at least
the past 20 years. The area has been deliberately burned out several
times over the last 20 years to reduce the volume of waste.
One other open dump is located roughly 2 miles northeast of the Tribal
Center. It had been used by one household, and is also not used any
longer. The area is roughly 50 feet by 50 feet; the depth of the
waste is not known.
Solid waste generated by households on the old Reservation is
currently discarded by residents at a County-owned and operated
transfer station located on Buckman Springs Road (Highway S-1)
immediately north of Old Campo and roughly 0.5-miles north of Cameron
Comers. This transfer station was opened in 1973; prior to 1973
solid waste was either disposed of in a nearby landfill or disposed of
on the old Reservation. No open dumps remain on the old Reservation.
The two open dumps discussed above will be closed and remediated as
approved by General Council meeting of January 13, 1991. The project
will consist of the removal of the solid waste from the ravine and the
transportation of the removed material to a San Diego County Class III
solid waste disposal facility. CEPA is committed to the remediation
and the General Council will provide labor from members of the Tribe.
The possibility of purchasing or leasing a truck for the project is
presently under consideration. Backhoes and other heavy equipment
will be either borrowed or rented for the project.
The two or three derelict cars removed from the ravine will be set
aside and included in the junk car program (Section 2.4). In addition,
any household hazardous waste found in the ravine will be set aside
for inclusion in the household hazardous waste program (Section 6).
Subsequent to the removal of the solid waste, the area will be secured
by constructing a fence between the ravine and the road to prevent
future disposal of waste in the area. In addition, samples of soil
from the two open dump areas will be collected and transported to a
laboratory certified by the California Department of Health Services
for hazardous waste analysis. The samples will be subjected to a
priority pollutant scan. In the event the soil samples are clean,
further investigation will not be necessary. If the samples indicate
the soil is contaminated, however, full site characterization will be
necessary to define the lateral and horizontal extent of the
contamination. It would then be necessary to carry out appropriate
remedial activities.
4.2.2 San Diego County
There currently are eight active solid waste sanitary landfills in San
Diego County. All are Class III facilities. Five of the eight
facilities are County landfills, one is a City landfill (Miramar) and
two are U.S. Government landfills and are located at Camp Pendleton
Marine Corps Base.
San Diego County generated approximately 3.1 million tons of solid
waste per year in 1985, a rate that may increase to 5.8 million tons
per year by 2000. In addition, nearly all the solid waste generated
in San Diego County is disposed in sanitary landfills. Based on
current disposal rates, the 8 active landfills in San Diego County
have expected "lives" of 9 to 10 years.
4.3 FUTURE DISPOSAL NEEDS
This subsection contains an evaluation of future solid waste disposal
needs focusing on needs for disposal facility space on the Reservation
and/or in San Diego County. Solid waste generated on the Reservation
is presently disposed in San Diego landfills. This solid waste
management technique may continue into the future or a solid waste
disposal facility may be constructed on the Reservation.
California law requires that each county prepare plans that achieve a
25 percent diversion of all solid waste from landfills by January 1,
1995, and 50 percent diversion of all solid waste by January 1, 2000.
CEPA is committed to achieve this goal for waste generated on the
Reservation primarily through source reduction, recycling, and special
waste programs described in Section 2 of the CEPA Solid Waste
Management Plan.
4.3.1 Campo Indian Reservation
Solid waste presently generated on the Reservation, estimated to be
roughly 55 tons each year, is disposed of in San Diego landfills. The
future disposal needs for the Reservation can be thought of as the
space required for the solid waste generated on the Reservation in the
future, minus the amount that is either recycled or treated.
For example, if 75 tons of solid,waste is generated on the Reservation
in the year 2000, and 15 tons of this waste is recycled and none is
treated, there is a need for landfill space for 60 tons of solid waste
that year.
No active disposal facilities are located on the Reservation at the
present time. A discussion of potential sites for solid waste
disposal facilities on the Reservation is provided in Section 4.4.
4.3.2 San Diego County
The future disposal needs for San Diego County can be thought of as
the space required for the amount of solid waste generated in the
County in the future, estimated to be between 3 million and 6 million
tons per year by the year 2000, minus the space required for the
amount of solid waste that is either recycled or treated.
According to the Southwest San Diego County Solid Waste Facility
Siting Study prepared by the City and County of San Diego and dated
October 6, 1990, the disposal volume (landfill space) required for the
southwest corner of the county over the next 30 years is estimated to
be 270 million cubic yards. The southwest area of the county is
generally bounded by the Mexican border to the south, Campo to the
southeast, Julian to the northeast, and Escondido to the north. The
270 million cubic yard value does not include the disposal needs of
San Diego County outside the southwest area of the County over the
next 30 years.
In addition to a proposed landfill in Campo, the City and County of
San Diego have proposed nine possible sites for a solid waste disposal
facility to replace the currently operating Miramar, Sycamore and Otay
landfills, all of which are expected to close within a decade.
According to the Southwest San Diego County Solid Waste Facility
Siting Study prepared by the City and County of San Diego, (1990), the
nine solid waste sites being considered are as follows:
1. Oak Canyon, located north of planned State Route 52, south
and east of Miramar Naval Air Station, west of the
existing Sycamore Landfill, in the City of San Diego.
2. East Otay Mesa, located approximately 9 miles east of
Interstate 805, within 0.25 mile of the Mexican border.
3. Long Valley, located approximately 2 miles north of
Interstate 8, and 1 mile east of Corte Madera Road.
4. Unnamed Canyon west of Dulzura, located in a canyon
immediately south of State Route 94, about 1 mile west of
Dulaura.
5. Marron Valley, located approximately 3 miles south of
Engineer Springs and 0.5 mile north of the Mexican border.
6. Upper Sycamore Canyon, located in the northern reaches of
Sycamore Canyon northeast of the Miramar Air Station.
7. Wolf Canyon, located just east of and adjacent to the
existing Otay Landfill.
8. North Otay Valley, located approximately 4 miles
east-southeast of Wolf Canyon.
9. Del Mar Mesa.
4.4 POTENTIAL SITES FOR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES
This section provides a discussion of potential sites for solid waste
disposal facilities on the Reservation. The rationale of including an
area as a potential site for solid waste disposal facility is based on
the natural characteristics of individual sites on the Reservation and
on siting criteria mandated by various environmental agencies. Siting
criteria of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the California
Water Resources Control Board, the California Integrated Waste
Management Board, and the Campo Band of Mission Indians is discussed
below.
4.4.1 Siting Criteria
4.4.1.1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
The existing U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Regulations on
Criteria for Classification of Solid Waste Disposal Facilities and
Practices (40 CFR 257) states the following:
Section 257.3-1 Floodplains.
(a) Facilities or practices in floodplains shall not restrict
the flow of the base flood, reduce the temporary water
storage capacity of the floodplain, or result in washout
of solid waste, so as to pose a hazard to human life,
wildlife, or land or water resources.
(b) As used in this section:
(1) "Base flood" means a flood that has a 1 percent or
greater chance of recurring in any year or a flood of
a magnitude equalled or exceeded once in 100 years on
the average over a significantly long period.
(2) "Floodplain" means the lowland and relatively flat
areas adjoining inland and coastal waters, including
flood-prone areas of offshore islands, which are
inundated by the base flood.
(3) "Washout" means the carrying away of solid waste by
waters of the base flood.
Section 257.3-2 Endangered species.
(a) Facilities or practices shall not cause or contribute to
the taking of any endangered or threatened species of
plants, fish, or wildlife.
(b) The facility or practice shall not result in the
destruction or adverse modification of the critical
habitat of endangered or threatened species as identified
in 50 CFR Part 17.
(c) As used in this section:
(1) "Endangered or threatened species" means any species
listed as such pursuant to Section 4 of the
Endangered Species Act.
(2) "Destruction or adverse modification" means a direct
or indirect alteration of critical habitat which
appreciably diminishes the likelihood of the survival
and recovery of threatened or endangered species
using that habitat.
(3) "Taking" means harassing, harming, pursuing,
hunting, wounding, killing, trapping, capturing, or
collecting or attempting to engage in such conduct.
Section 257.3-3 Surface Water.
[257.3-3 (a) and (b) amended by 47 FR 47051. September 23, 1981]
(a) For purposes of Section 4004(a) of the Clean Water Act,
a facility shall not cause a discharge of pollutants into
waters of the United States that is in violation of the
requirements of the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) under Section 402 of the
Clean Water Act, as amended.
(b) For purposes of Section 4004(b) of the Clean Water Act,
a facility shall not cause a discharge of dredged
material or fill material to waters of the United States
that is in violation of the requirements under Section
404 of the Clean Water Act, as amended.
(c) A facility or practice shall not cause non-point source
pollution of waters of the United States that violates
applicable legal requirements implementing an areawide or
Statewide water quality management plan that has been
developed and approved by the Administrator under Section
208 of the Clean Water Act, as amended.
(d) Definitions of the terms "Discharge of dredged material",
"Point source", "Pollutant", "Waters of the United
States", and "Wetlands" can be found in the Clean Water
Act, as amended, 33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq., and
implementing regulations, specifically 33 CFR Part 323
[42 FR 37122, July 19, 1977).
Section 257.3-4 Ground Water.
(a) A facility or practice shall not contaminate an
underground drinking water source beyond the solid waste
boundary or beyond an alternative boundary specified in
accordance with paragraph (b) of this section.
[257.3-4(b) revised by 46 FR 47051, September 23, 1981]
(b)(1) For purposes of Section 1008(a)(3) of the Act or
Section 405(d) of the Clean Water Act, a party charged
with open dumping or a violation of Section 405(e) may
demonstrate that compliance should be determined at an
alternative boundary in lieu of the solid waste
boundary. The court shall establish such an
alternative boundary only if it finds that such a
change would not result in contamination of ground
water which may be needed or used for human
consumption. This finding shall be based on analysis
and consideration of all of the following factors that
are relevant:
(i) The hydrogeological characteristics of the
facility and surrounding land, including any
natural attenuation and dilution characteristics
of the aquifer,
(ii) The volume and physical and chemical
characteristics of the leachate;
(iii) The quantity, quality, and direction of flow of
ground water underlying the facility;
(iv) The proximity and withdrawal rates of
ground-water users;
(v) The availability of alternative drinking water
supplies;
(vi) The existing quality of the ground water,
including other sources of contamination and
their cumulative impacts on the ground water,
(vii) Public health, safety, and welfare effects.
(2) For purposes of Sections 4004(a) and 1008(a)(3), a
State may establish an alternative boundary for a
facility to be used in lieu of the solid waste
boundary only if it finds that such a change would
not result in the contamination of ground water which
may be needed or used for human consumption. Such a
finding shall be based on an analysis and
consideration of all of the factors identified in
paragraph (b)(1) of this section that are relevant.
(c) As used in his section:
(1) "Aquifer" means a geologic formation, group of
formations, or portion of a formation capable of
yielding usable quantities of ground water to wells
or springs.
(2) "Contaminate" means introduce a substance that would
cause:
(i) The concentration of that substance in the
ground water where the existing concentration of
that substance exceeds the maximum contaminant
level specified in Appendix 1.
(3) "Ground water" means water below the land surface in
the zone of saturation.
(4) "Underground drinking water source" means:
(i) An aquifer supplying drinking water for human
consumption, or
(ii) An aquifer in which the ground water contains
less than 10,000 mg/l total dissolved solids.
(5) "Solid waste boundary" means the outermost
perimeter of the solid waste (projected in the
horizontal plane) as it would exist at completion of
the disposal activity.
4.4.1.2 California Water Resources Control Board
The California State Water Resources Control Board, states the same
siting criteria in Title 23, Chapter 15, Article 3; and in Title 26,
Division 23, Classification and Siting Criteria (23-2530 through
23-2533). These criteria are as follows:
23-2530. Classification and Siting Criteria.
(a) Waste management units shall be classified according to
their ability to contains wastes. Containment shall be
determined by geology, hydrology, topography,
climatology, and other factors relating to the ability of
the waste management units to protect water quality. A
waste management facility may consist of several waste
management units each with a different classification.
Classification of waste management units shall be based
on the criteria contained in this article, on field
inspections by regional board and State Board staffs, and
on other pertinent information. Information used to
classify waste management units shall be submitted
according to the provisions of Article 9 of this
subchapter. Classified waste management units shall
comply with appropriate waste discharge requirements.
(b) Existing waste management units shall be reclassified
according to applicable criteria in this article,
provided that such units:
(1) comply with siting criteria for each category of
existing units in Sections 2531, 2532, and 2533 of
this article, and summarized in Table 3.1 of this
article,
(2) are operating in compliance with Subsection 251(d)
of this subchapter.
(d) All new landfills, waste piles, and surface impoundments
shall be sited, designed, constructed, and operated to
ensure that wastes will be a minimum of 5 feet above the
highest anticipated elevation of underlying ground water.
Existing landfills, waste piles, and surface impoundments
shall be operated to ensure that wastes will be a minimum
of 5 feet above the highest anticipated elevation of
underlying ground water. For new and existing land
treatment units, the base of the treatment zone shall be
a minimum of 5 feet above the highest anticipated
elevation of underlying ground water and dischargers
shall not be entitled to exemption under Subsection
2510(b) of this subchapter.
(d) All containment structures at waste management units
shall have a foundation or base capable of providing
support for the structures and capable of withstanding
hydraulic pressure gradients to prevent failure due to
settlement, compression, or uplift as certified by a
registered civil engineer or certified engineering
geologist.
Note: Authority cited: Section 1058, Water Code. Reference:
Sections 13172 and 13360, Water Code.
23-2531. Class I: Waste Management Units for Hazardous Waste.
(There will be no hazardous waste transported to
or disposed at the Campo Indian Reservation)
23-2531. Class 11: Waste Management Units for Designated Waste.
(a) Class II waste management units shall be located where
site characteristics and containment structures isolate
waste from waters of the state. The classification
criteria in this section shall be used for
reclassification of existing waste management units at
disposal sites approved as Class I, limited Class I, or
Class II-1 under previous regulations and existing waste
management units used for treatment and storage, whether
or not classified, provided that no hazardous wastes,
other than those designated in Section 252(a)(2), have
been discharged at such units, and any expansion of such
units.
(b) Geologic Setting
(1) New and existing Class II landfills or wastepiles
shall be immediately underlain by natural geologic
materials which have a permeability of not more than
1 x 10(-6) cm/sec and which are of sufficient
thickness to prevent vertical movement of fluid,
including waste and leachate, from waste management
units to waters of the state as long as wastes in
such units pose a threat to water quality. Class II
units shall not be located where areas of primary
(porous) or secondary (rock opening) permeability
greater than 1 x 10(-6) cm/sec could impair the
competence of natural geologic materials to act as a
barrier to vertical fluid movement.
(2) Natural or artificial barriers shall be used to
prevent lateral movement of fluid, including waste
and leachate.
(3) A liner system which conforms to the requirements of
Article 4 of this subchapter with a permeability of
not more than 1 x 10(-6) cm/sec shall be used for
landfills and waste piles when natural geologic
materials do not satisfy the requirements in
subsection (b)(1) of this section.
(4) Class II surface impoundments are not required to
comply with the requirements of subsection (b)(1) of
this section, but shall have a liner system designed
in accordance with the applicable provisions of
Article 4 of this subchapter. Class 11 surface
impoundments which are designed and constructed with
a double liner system in accordance with Article 4
may use natural geologic materials which comply with
subsection (B)(1) of this section for the outer
liner.
(5) Land treatment facilities are not required to comply
with the requirements of subsection (b) of this
section. Dischargers who treat or dispose of wastes
in land treatment waste management units shall
demonstrate, prior to application of the waste, that
waste can be completely degraded, transformed, or
immobilized in the treatment zone. To demonstrate
this, prior to the application of waste, the
discharger shall operate a test plot for a
sufficient period to give regional boards a
reasonable indication that degradation,
transformation, or immobilization will take place in
the treatment zone. During the full-scale operation
of the land treatment unit, soil and soil-pore
liquid samples shall be taken within the treatment
zone to verify that complete degradation,
transformation, or immobilization is taking place.
Regional boards shall specify in waste discharge
requirements the elements of the land treatment
program including the dimensions of the treatment
zone. The maximum depth of the treatment zone shall
not exceed 5 feet from the initial soil surface.
(c) Flooding -- New and existing Class II waste management
units shall be designed, constructed, operated, and
maintained to prevent inundation or washout due to floods
with a 100-year return period.
(d) Ground Rupture -- New Class II waste management units,
other than land treatment units and expansions of
existing Class II units shall have a 200-foot setback
from any known Holocene fault. Other units may be
located within 200 feet of a known Holocene fault,
provided that containment structures are capable of
withstanding ground accelerations associated with the
maximum credible earthquake.
(e) Rapid Geologic Change -- New and existing Class II waste
management units may be located within areas of potential
rapid geologic change if containment structures are
designed, constructed, and maintained to preclude failure.
(f) Tidal Waves -- New and existing Class II waste
management units may be located in areas subject to
tsunamis, seiches, and surges if designed, constructed,
and maintained to preclude failure due to such events.
Note: Authority cited: Section 1058, Water Code. Reference:
Sections 13172 and 13360, Water Code.
23-2533. Class III: Landfills for Nonhazardous Solid Waste.
(a) Class III landfills shall be located where site
characteristics provide adequate separation between
nonhazardous solid waste and waters of the state. The
classification criteria in this section shall be used for
reclassification of existing landfills at disposal sites
approved as Class II-1 or II-2 under previous regulations
and any expansions of such landfills.
(b) Geologic Setting
(1) New Class III and existing Class II-2 landfills
shall be sited where soil characteristics, distance
from waste to ground water, and other factors will
ensure no impairment of the beneficial uses of
surface water or of ground water beneath or adjacent
to the landfill. Factors that shall be evaluated
include:
(A) size of the waste management unit,
(B) permeability and transmissivity of underlying
soils,
(C) depth to ground water and variations in depth
to ground water,
(D) background quality of ground water,
(E) current and anticipated use of the ground
water, and
(F) annual precipitation.
(2) Where consideration of the factors in subsection
(b)(1) of this section indicates that site
characteristics alone do not ensure protection of
the quality of ground water or surface water, Class
III landfills shall be required to have a single
clay liner with permeability of 1 x 10(-6) cm/sec or
less.
(c) Flooding -- New Class III and existing Class II-2
landfills shall be designed, constructed, operated, and
maintained to prevent inundation or washout due to floods
with a 100-year return period.
(d) Ground Rupture -- New Class III and expansions of
existing Class II-2 landfills shall not be located on a
known Holocene fault. Existing Class II-2 landfills may
be located on a known Holocene fault, provided that
containment structures are capable of withstanding ground
accelerations associated with the maximum probable
earthquake.
(e) Rapid Geologic Change -- New Class III and existing Class
II-2 landfills may be located within areas of potential
rapid geologic change if containment structures are
designed, constructed, and maintained to preclude failure.
Note: Authority cited: Section 1058, Water Code. Reference:
Sections 13172 and 13360, Water Code.
4.4.1.3 California Integrated Waste Management Board
The Integrated California Waste Management Board in Title 24, Division
7, Article 7.2 lists Disposal Site Siting and Design. The criteria
include:
Article 7.2. Disposal Site Siting and Design
Section 17626. Design Responsibility.
Design of a new disposal site shall be under direction of a
person registered as a civil engineer in the State of California. The
designer shall utilize expert advice as appropriate from persons
competent in soils, hydrology, geology, landscape design, air and
water quality control, chemistry and other disciplines.
Section 17627. Ultimate Use of Site.
HISTORY
1. Change without regulatory effect renumbering Section 17627 to
Section 17796 filed 8-17-89 pursuant to Section 100, Title 1,
California Code of Regulations (Register 89, No. 35). For prior
history, see Register 78, No. 30.
Section 17628. General Design Parameters.
Each site design shall be based on appropriate data regarding
the service area, anticipated nature and quantity of wastes to be
received, climatological factors, physical setting, adjacent land use
(existing and planned), types and numbers of vehicles anticipated to
enter the site, ground and surface water, leachate control, soils,
drainage, provisions for monitoring, venting, controlling and possible
use of landfill decomposition gas and other pertinent information. If
the site is to be used by the general public, the design shall take
account of features which may be needed to accommodate such public use.
The California Waste Management Board (CWMB) expresses siting
suggestions in "A Comprehensive Plan for Management of Nonhazardous
Waste in California, 1985." The suggestions for a landfill are as
follows:
o Landfills should be out of view of schools, businesses and
residences.
o Refuse trucks and other vehicles using the landfill should
not pass through residential neighborhoods on their way to
the facility.
o Land on which the disposal site is operated should be
properly zoned and compatible with other surrounding uses.
o Sufficient space should be set aside as a buffer zone
between the proposed landfill and current or future
residential developments.
o Landfills should be located in areas which are
unattractive for commercial, agricultural, or residential
use when at all possible.
o Facilities should not be located in a floodplain or
anywhere else where surface or ground-water contamination
is a risk.
o Landfills should never be located near an airport due to
the danger of birds attracted to the disposal site
interfering with aircraft.
o Landfills should not be sited in the habitats of
endangered species.
o Landfills should not be located in seismically-active
areas.
o Facilities should avoid areas close to sources of ground
or surface water pollution.
o There should be adequate cover material of low
permeability available nearby.
o Landfills should not be located near noise- or
odor-sensitive areas.
o Landfills should be close enough to the service area to
keep down transportation costs and energy consumption.
o If a landfill must be located near residences or other
developments, landfill gas control devices should be
included in the facility design.
o Close-in landfills should also be designed with proper
noise attenuation devices (e.g., natural barriers such as
ridges or berms).
4.4.1.4 Campo Band of Mission Indians
Criteria applicable to solid waste disposal facility siting are
provided in the Tribal Environmental Policy Act of 1990 and Solid
Waste Management Code of 1990. The Environmental Policy Act and Solid
Waste Management Code addresses the following issues:
a. Land use adjacent to or near the solid waste facility
shall be compatible.
b. The quality ground water, surface water and air quality
shall be protected.
c. Geography, geology, climate and hydrology shall be
characterized.
d. Population density, distribution shall be addressed.
e. The waste constituents and generation rates shall be
considered.
A non-hazardous solid waste landfill (Class III) and surface
impoundment of leachate (Class H) for construction by an outside
vendor on the reservation are proposed. The waste management strategy
for the surface impoundment should be one of full containment, while
the waste management strategy for the non-hazardous solid waste
landfill is one of protecting beneficial uses (Table 4-1) (Title 23).
4.4.2 Potential Disposal Facility Sites
Areas that are not suitable for the location of a Class II or Class
III solid waste disposal facility on the Reservation are readily
identified. Areas are delineated as unsuitable if one or more of the
siting criteria (outlined in Section 4.4. 1) are not satisfied.
In the northern portion of the Campo Reservation, a major block of
land (T175, R6E, Sections 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15) is
unsuitable for a disposal facility (Figure 4-1). This area does not
have adequate topography to conceal a disposal facility. This area is
located near residences, the town of Live Oaks Springs, and
ground-water supply wells.
The area of T185/R6E, Section 5, 9, 16, and 17 in the southwestern
portion of the Campo Reservation is not suitable because of topography
constraints (Figure 4-1). All these sections are located on uplands
and would be in clear view of local residences. In addition,
excavating an area without the advantage of a pre-existing valley
would result in greater cost.
In the same southwestern area of the Campo Reservation, T185/R6E in
Section 4 is also unsuitable for disposal facility location (Figure
4-1). A disposal facility in this area would be located near
residences and block surface water flow on a creek. This valley
appears to be located along a regional cooling joint that may be a
major conduit for ground-water flow.
An area in the middle of the Campo Reservation (T175/R6E, Sections 20,
22, 27, 28, 33, and 34) is considered an unsuitable location for
siting a solid waste disposal facility because of various violations
of siting criteria. Sections 20, 27, 33 and 34 are located on
topographic uplands and Sections 33 and 34 contain several residences,
a highway, and a cemetery. Section 22 is located in an upper valley,
and several residences are located directly to the north. Section 28
is unsuitable because of the presence of a significant stream valley
and a spring. Filling this valley could adversely affect ground water
and would block surface-water flow. Also this stream course lies
along a regional cooling joint that may which could represent a
ground-water conduit.
TABLE 4-1: MODIFIED SUMMARY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR
DISCHARGES OF WASTE TO LAND AS REQUIRED BY CALIFORNIA
WATER RESOURCES CONTROL BOARD SEE HARD COPY
With these areas eliminated, five possible solid waste disposal
facility sites exist. Site-specific geologic and hydrogeologic
studies are needed to further delineate the acceptability of these
sites, listed below.
1. T175/R6E, Section 21 is located along an upper stream
valley. Concerns in this area include the location of a
spring downstream and the ground-water control of the
regional joint in the stream valley.
2. T175/R6E, Section 29, and 32 are located north of Highway
94. This upper tributary valley exists north of the San
Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway. Concerns in this area
are the possible visual impacts along Highway 94 and the
strong joint trend that may be a ground-water conduit.
3. T185/R6E, Section 3 is located south of Highway 94 and
south of Campo Creek. This upper tributary valley may be
located too close to residences, and may be in view of
Highway 94 and St. Carmel Cemetery.
4. T185/R6E, Sections 8, 9 and 16 may be a possible disposal
facility location. The disposal facility could be located
in a deep upper tributary valley. Concerns for this area
include the regional joint that underlies the stream
valley, which could be a major ground-water conduit. There
may not be adequate room for a disposal facility.
5. T185/R6E, Sections 10 and 15 represent a possible solid
waste disposal facility location in an upper tributary
valley. This location is in a U-shaped curve of the San
Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway.
4.5 COMPLETED LANDFILLS
There are no completed landfills on the Campo Indian Reservation.
4.6 SUMMARY
Based on current solid waste generation rates and programs inplace to
reduce or recycle solid waste, there is a need for disposal space for
the solid waste generated on the Reservation. There presently are no
active solid waste disposal facilities on the Reservation. Two
inactive disposal facilities (open dumps) is located approximately 1
mile north of the Tribal Hall; however, they do not meet disposal
facility standards imposed by the CEPA Solid Waste Regulations, and
must be remediated by Fall 1991.
Solid waste generated on the Reservation is disposed in San Diego City
or County landfills. There is available space in the eight active
landfills, but if these landfills are not expanded and no new
landfills are constructed, it is estimated that space will be depleted
by the year 2000. The County of San Diego has proposed 10 possible
sites for the construction of a future solid waste disposal facility;
the Campo Indian Reservation is one of the 10 sites.
Five potential locations on the Campo Indian Reservation have been
identified as possible locations for the construction of a solid waste
disposal facility.
SECTION 5
RESOURCE RECOVERY PROCESSING AND REUSE
Recycling facilities and composting facilities on the Reservation are
regulated by CEPA pursuant to Parts 520 and 540 of the Solid Waste
Regulations. Recycling and composting operations are described in
this section, as well as other resource recovery technologies. These
technologies are evaluated for their appropriateness for the
Reservation with consideration of environmental concerns, as well as
available and future markets for material, and energy resources
recovered from the solid waste.
5.1 OVERVIEW
Resource recovery is any process that reclaims energy or materials
from solid waste. Recovery of materials such as metals, glass, paper,
sewage sludge, non-ferrous metals and oil may be accomplished by
separation at the source or at municipal processing plants. Energy
and nutrients can be extracted and used or re-used. Recovering
resources from solid waste saves landfill space, saves virgin
resources, and decreases threats to the environment posed by
landfilling of solid waste.
The use of solid waste resource recovery technologies does not
alleviate the need for disposal options; portions of a solid waste
stream cannot be treated or recycled. In addition, treatment
technologies often contain byproducts such as ash from incineration
that must then be landfilled.
5.2 IDENTIFICATION OF TYPES OF RESOURCE RECOVERY FACILITIES
This section identifies types of resource recovery facilities and
resource conservation systems appropriate for the Campo Indian
Reservation. Considerations for the identification of types of
resource recovery and conservation facilities are environmental
concerns; available and future markets for material and energy
resources recovered from solid waste; and methods for conserving such
materials and energy.
Recycling
A description of present and future recycling efforts for residential
and office waste generated on the Reservation is provided in Section
2.3. Recycling a portion of these waste streams is appropriate for
the Campo Indian Reservation.
Recycling of paper, metal, glass, and plastics from municipal waste
streams, including residential, commercial, industrial and
institutional waste streams, is a viable and important resource
recovery effort. Recycling is most efficient when conducted at the
source of generation. There are markets available for recycled
material and there is relatively little capital required in comparison
to treatment technologies such as incineration. Recycling in addition
to solid waste treatment technologies will enhance the treatment
technology, i.e. composting and incineration are more efficient when
glass, plastics, and metals are removed from the waste stream.
Composting
Composting refers to the process of biological decomposition of solid
organic materials by microorganisms, mainly bacteria and fungi. The
decomposition process must be properly designed and controlled. To
maximize the rate of microbial activity within a mass of organic
material, factors such as temperature, moisture, nutrients, oxygen,
and pH must be controlled. With proper controls, composting can occur
rapidly, yield a product that meets end-use quality specifications,
and reduces the original volume by more than 50 percent. "Compost" is
the stabilized, humus- or soil-like product. The final compost
products may be used for a variety of purposes e.g., to help improve
soil structure.
Composting can be accomplished by such procedures as aerated static
pile, windrow, in-vessel, aerated windrow, static pile (essentially a
windrow that does not get turned), and vericomposting. Composting may
be a solid waste management technique for waste streams of yard waste
only, municipal wastewater sludge only, or unseparated solid waste
stream.
Yard waste often constitutes 10 to 30 percent or more of a typical
urban residential waste stream. Composting is viewed as a preferred
yard waste management technique over landfilling and incineration
Several states (not including California) have enacted bans on the
disposal of yard waste into sanitary landfills.
Composting of municipal wastewater sludge has become an accepted
option for sludge management. Yard waste such as leaves, grass
clippings, brush, tree trimmings, etc., can be used as part (or all)
of the bulking agent/amendment in the sludge composting operation.
Composting of an unseparated waste stream encompasses the entire
organic and/or biodegradable fraction of the solid waste stream. The
end product can vary depending on the quality of the waste to be
composted and the process used.
Waste to Energy
Waste to energy facilities include methane recovery and incineration,
both of which are more efficient if recycling and source separation is
conducted in conjunction with the waste to energy process. Methane
gas emitted from the anaerobic biodegradation of organic materials in
solid waste can be captured and used for energy. The gas can be used
as an alternative to natural gas.
Incineration of solid waste is conducted by three basic processes.
Steam can be generated from incineration facilities and used for
electricity. Incineration can reduce the waste volume by 80 to 95%
and is the most effective method known for reducing waste volumes.
Incineration, or mass burn, is also highly controversial, especially
in the State of California. Particular concerns have been raised
about possible health effects associated with air emissions and the
ash component of the residue. Mass burn systems are large facilities
(usually over 200 tons per day) that burn mixed solid waste.
Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) systems generally are large facilities that
process solid waste into a more homogeneous fuel that is then burned.
Together, mass burn and RDF systems account for about 90 percent of
current and planned solid waste incineration capacity in the United
States (OTA, 1989). Some smaller modular systems also burn
unprocessed solid waste; they usually consist of modules manufactured
at a factory and assembled onsite. Other processes such as pyrolysis
and fluidized bed combustion are also used. At this time, only 3
solid waste incineration facilities are operating in the State of
California: one in the City of Long Beach; one in the City of
Commerce; and, one in the town of Westley (tire burning only).
5.3 EXISTING RESOURCE RECOVERY FACILITIES
This subsection provides a discussion of existing resource recovery
facilities both on the Reservation and in San Diego County. The
information provided in this subsection will aid in the evaluation of
future resource recovery needs, provided in Section 5.4 below.
5.3.1 Campo Indian Reservation
At present, there are no existing solid waste resource recovery
facilities within the Reservation.
5.3.2 San Diego County
The large-scale resource recovery operations in San Diego County
(i.e., not including such operations as individual composting
facilities) are recycling operations. County recycling centers and
curbside programs are available in most parts of the County.
Materials that can be recycled include aluminum cans, aluminum scrap,
nonferrous metal, newspaper, other paper, cardboard, California glass,
glass, California redemption value plastic, plastic, batteries, yard
trimmings and lumber, furniture and appliances, magazines, mattresses,
arts and crafts supplies, books, clothing, housewares, and phone books.
5.4 FUTURE RESOURCE RECOVERY NEEDS
This subsection contains an evaluation of future solid waste resource
recovery needs. The evaluation focuses on needs for facilities on the
Reservation and/or in San Diego County. Solid waste generated on the
Reservation is presently disposed in San Diego landfills. The
utilization of resource recovery facilities will aid in the achieving
of a 25 percent diversion of all solid waste from landfills by January
1, 1995, and 50 percent diversion by January 1, 2000.
5.4.1 Campo Indian Reservation
It is estimated that approximately 70 tons of solid waste will be
generated on the Reservation in 1995, and 80 tons of solid waste will
be generated on the Reservation in the year 2000. A 25 percent
diversion in 1995 and a 50 percent diversion in 2000 result in the
need for approximately 17.5 tons per year of either solid waste
recycling or treatment by 1995, and 40 tons per year by the year 2000.
5.4.2 San Diego County
Based on projected waste generation rates in the County, it is
estimated that between 3.3 million and 5.4 million tons of solid waste
will be generated in the County in 1995, and between 3.5 million and
5.8 millon tons of solid waste will be generated in the County in the
year 2000. A 25 percent diversion in 1995 and a 50 percent diversion
in 2000 results in the need for between 0.8 million and 1.35 million
tons per year of either solid waste recycling or treatment in 1995,
and between 1.75 million and 2.9 million tons per year by the year
2000.
5.5 POTENTIAL SITES FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY FACILITIES
This section provides a discussion of potential sites for solid waste
resource recovery facilities on the Reservation.
5.5.1 Siting Criteria for Resource Recovery Facilities
There are few regulatory criteria established for siting solid waste
resource recovery facilities. The California Integrated Waste
Management Board addresses concerns for siting composting operations.
These criteria include required storage area, noise, aesthetics, fire
hazards, odor, prevention of degrading ground water, prevention of
degrading surface water, increased traffic and litter (CWMB 1985).
The facility should not be located on a floodplain or interrupt
surface water flow. In addition, the facility should not be located
on or near an active fault
5.5.2 Potential Siting Areas
There are obvious areas not suitable for the location of a solid waste
resource recovery facility on the Reservation. These unsuitable sites
include areas near residences and major stream floodplains. Hence, a
facility should not be located in the stream channel of Campo Creek or
major tributaries. In addition, a facility should also not be located
on an active fault, not a siting consideration because there are no
known active faults located on the Reservation.
The siting of a solid waste resource recovery facility (not including
incineration) should not create significant problems, and such a
facility could be located in some part of most regions of the
Reservation. Primary factors in locating a resource recycling
facility therefore are the proximity to transportation routes and
aesthetics.
5.6 SUMMARY
Current solid waste generation rates create the need for technologies
to replace the singular reliance on landfilling. Solid waste contains
energy and materials that can be reused; a responsible society will
harvest and extract these resources. There presently are no active
solid waste resource recovery facilities on the Reservation because
County programs are accessible and the amount of waste generated on
the Reservation considered alone does not make such an effort feasible.
The siting of resource recovery facility on the Campo Reservation to
meet the need of San Diego County is a possibility and potential
siting areas are available. A recycling or composting facility on the
Reservation would be required to adhere to the CEPA Solid Waste
Regulations, and would recycle at least 25 percent of the solid waste
accepted.
SECTION 6
HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTE
Household hazardous waste includes cleaners, pesticides, paint
products, automotive products, hobby products, and other toxic
substances commonly found in residences. When these hazardous
materials are disposed of improperly in the municipal refuse system,
risk of solid waste landfill contamination, water pollution, and
injury to refuse workers and landfill operators exists. Table 6-1
provides examples of hazardous ingredients in common household
commodities.
A number of sources provide various estimates on the amount of
household hazardous waste that comprises a "typical" residential
waste stream. The Los Angeles County Hazardous Waste Management Plan
presents a figure of 0.13 to 0.15 percent; a study conducted by
Stanford Research Institute for the California Waste Management Board
resulted in a finding of between .0.29 and 0.59 percent; and a 1987
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency studies revealed a finding of
between 0.35 and 0.40 percent of a typical residential waste stream is
categorized as household hazardous waste. These percentages applied
to San Diego County waste volumes predict that as much as 8,360 tons
of household hazardous waste per year is generated in San Diego County.
Extrapolating these figures for the 55 tons per year of solid waste
generated on the Reservation, it is estimated that approximate 400
pounds of household hazardous waste is currently generated on the
Reservation each year. This number may increase in the future as
population increases, waste generation rates increase, or the
percentage of household hazardous waste in the solid waste streams on
the Reservation increases.
There currently is not a comprehensive household hazardous waste
program for hazardous wastes generated on the Reservation by
households. Individual households have the personal responsibility
for properly disposing of hazardous wastes. Until a Reservation-wide
pick up or collection service is implemented, household hazardous
wastes can be disposed through the San Diego County program, discussed
in the following paragraphs. Additional information on the program
including the location, dates and times, and procedures for current
and future drop-off points for household hazardous waste can be
obtained by contacting the San Diego County Department of Health
Services (DHS) at 619/338-2222.
TABLE 6-1: EXAMPLES OF HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS IN COMMON HOUSEHOLD
COMMODITIES - SEE HARD COPY
TABLE 6-1: EXAMPLES OF HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS IN COMMON HOUSEHOLD
COMMODITIES-CONTINUED - SEE HARD COPY
The DHS has administered the Household Hazardous Materials Program
since 1983. The program has two primary purposes:
1. Provide long-term community education programs about
household hazardous wastes.
2. Provide convenient disposal alternatives for household
hazardous waste for all San Diego County residents.
The community education programs in the County include the
distribution of literature to schools, retail, public service and
government locations; providing education programs for refuse
collectors; and the promotion of safe and effective substitutes for
hazardous materials commonly used in households. Currently, the
County DHS offers residents of San Diego County three disposal
alternatives for household hazardous wastes:
1. A drop-off location in Chula Vista.
2. A specially arranged pick-up for elderly and disabled
residents
3. A regional collection events held throughout the year.
Appropriate Technologies II, a licensed hazardous waste handling firm,
operates a household hazardous waste collection center at its
hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facility in Chula
Vista. In addition, Appropriate Technologies II provides a pick-up
service by request for elderly and disabled residents. In
coordination with the County DHS, Appropriate Technologies II also
staffs special events at various locations in the County throughout
the year in order to provide convenient disposal alternatives to San
Diego County residents. The types of household hazardous waste that
have been collected through the County's program include paints, waste
oil, pesticides, corrosives, flammables, and oxidizers.
The San Diego County Household Hazardous Materials Program is planned
to expand in the future to include solid waste transfer stations and
regional household hazardous waste collection centers. Solid waste
transfer stations will provide a mechanism to segregate solid waste
streams into recyclables, household hazardous waste, and those wastes
suitable for sanitary landfills. In addition, five to seven more
Regional Collection Centers for household hazardous wastes may be
available to residents of San Diego County in the next few years.
The improper disposal of used motor oil is a serious environmental
problem. Used motor oil should not be disposed with municipal solid
wastes, but should be taken to a service station that accepts and
recycles the oil. Used motor oil can be dropped off through either
the County DHS Household Hazardous Materials Program, or can be
brought to a service station through the County Public Works
Department's Recycling program. There are two used motor oil drop off
points in the eastern portion of San Diego County. Chief Auto Parts
at 710 Jamacha Boulevard in El Cajon (619/444-3397) accepts used motor
oil, with a 5-gallon limit. A Chevron service station at 5600
Baltimore Drive in La Mesa (619/463-1615) also accepts used motor oil
and does not impose a limit. The San Diego County Recycling Program
Hotline for additional information on used motor oil recycling is
619/270-8189 or 1-800-237-2583.
SECTION 7
EDUCATION AND PUBLIC INFORMATION
To meet the goals of this Solid Waste Management Plan, CEPA has
established an education and public information program. This program
seeks to increase public awareness of and participation in recycling,
source reduction, litter prevention, and household hazardous waste
programs. CEPA's education and public information program focuses on
awareness, publicity and convenience.
Awareness of the importance of proper solid waste management at the
source is a major asset in recycling, source reduction, litter
prevention, and household hazardous waste programs. As these programs
require the public to alter their habits, providing an awareness of
the manner in which their habits can affect the environment can
increase participation.
Publicity in the form of education and promotional campaigns is also a
critical aspect of CEPA's programs. Containers for recyclables will
be clearly labeled as designated for specific recycle categories of
waste materials such as glass and aluminum. Clearly labeling these
containers will facilitate recycling and raise public awareness of
source separation options. In addition, exhibits, posters, and short
articles may urge the public to make source separation and recycling a
way of life, and provide enthusiasm for the programs. For example,
publicizing in the Tribal Hall that every ton of recycled paper saves
9.9 cubic feet of landfill space and 17 trees will encourage office
paper recycling.
Convenience plays a major role because CEPA's programs are dependent
on community involvement. Recycling containers must be located in an
accessible location. CEPA community also consider a household
hazardous waste roundup in which a pickup is provided at a specified
time to ensure that residences do not have to initiate household
hazardous waste disposal themselves.
CEPA is committed to the reducing and recycling of solid waste and the
control of litter and household hazardous waste. Constant monitoring
and tracking of these programs will be conducted.
SECTION 8
ENFORCEMENT/IMPLEMENTATION
The environmental laws and regulations in the Tribal Environmental
Policy Act, the Solid Waste Management Code, and the Quality
Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) Manual for the Campo Indian
Reservation will meet or exceed federal and state laws. CEPA was
established in 1988 as the enforcement agency for solid waste
management on the Reservation. It is CEPA's responsibility to
implement, amend and enforce policies, ordinances and regulations
relating to the solid waste management program. The QA/QC Manual was
developed to supplement the CEPA regulations on solid waste management
and to provide standards and procedures for the monitoring of solid
waste facilities on the Reservation.
8.1 PROGRAM GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
The primary goal of the CEPA solid waste enforcement program is to
meet the solid waste management needs of the people of the Reservation
in a safe, sanitary and environmentally acceptable manner. This will
be accomplished by:
o providing timely, and sanitary solid waste collection
services;
o assuring that all disposal sites, transfer stations and
solid waste processing facilities possess and abide by the
regulations of a solid waste facility permit issued by CEPA;
o assuring that all necessary permitting procedures are
followed,
o assuring that all permits are reviewed and, if necessary,
revised at least every year;
o assuring that non-permitted, temporary solid waste storage
and handling facilities are operated in a sanitary manner,
o assuring that all justified complaints relating to litter
and to disposal, collection, and storage of solid waste are
rectified according to current law; and
o assuring that public information regarding solid waste
management is provided.
8.2 SOLID WASTE FACILITY PERMITTING PROCEDURES
All solid waste facility and transportation permits on the Campo
Reservation will be issued by CEPA. A permit will be issued only if
the solid waste facility or transportation service is in full
compliance with the applicable rules and regulations and there has
been opportunity for public review and comment at relevant stages of
the permitting process. A permit can be denied if CEPA determines
that the applicant is unlikely to comply with permit conditions; or
that the proposed method of transportation, the place or manner in
which the solid waste is to be handled, recycled, treated, composted,
or disposed of, or the method or location of temporary storage will be
detrimental to, or pollute the environment or natural resources of the
reservation. CEPA will review annually and, if necessary, revise any
permit issued, modified or revised. CEPA may establish guidelines
that allow exemptions from permit requirements that do not relate to
monitoring environmental quality. These exemptions can be granted
only after notice and opportunity for a hearing. An application for a
permit must be filed at least 120 days prior to the beginning of a
proposed activity. Included in the permit application are such items
as a list of equipment, vehicles and other items to be used by the
applicant; a site evaluation report including geographic, geologic,
climatic and hydrologic characteristics of all sites utilized by the
applicant; a description of environmental protection procedures; a
description of environmental and safety training programs for
employees; and other relevant information. Each permit application
and report will be submitted under oath. No permit will be issued
without a public hearing at which the applicant and all interested
parties have an opportunity to present evidence. Other procedures
specifying permit issuance, denials, appeals, revisions and
modifications are described under Title V of the Campo Band of Mission
Indians' Solid Waste Management Code of 1990.
8.3 INSPECTION AND COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES
CEPA is responsible for the investigation of the construction,
maintenance, and operation of any solid waste facility or
transportation service; the inspection of any facility, equipment, or
vehicle used for, and any records relating to, the handling,
recycling, treatment, composting or disposal of solid waste; and the
review of technical or monitoring program reports or other reports
furnished by operators of solid waste facilities or transportation
services.
If CEPA receives a complaint concerning a solid waste facility,
transportation service, or temporary storage or handling facility, it
shall inspect the facility or transporter to determine whether any
law, regulation or permit has been or is being violated and if so,
take enforcement action. If CEPA determines that it is not able or
authorized to take action concerning the complaint, CEPA shall refer
the complaint to the Tribal, federal or state agency that it
determines is authorized to take action. CEPA has the authority to
issue cease and desist orders to permit violators and to expend monies
to perform any cleanup, abatement, and/or remedial work it deems
necessary for the public health and safety.
8.4 STAFF TRAINING AND STAFF NEEDS
CEPA is governed by a board of three Commissioners who are members of
the Campo Band of Mission Indians. These Commissioners are appointed
by the Chairman of the Campo Band with the advice and consent of the
General Council. Each Commissioner serves a four-year term, staggered
against the terms of the other two Commissioners. The Commissioners
also elect, from among themselves, one Commissioner to serve as the
Chairman of the Board. The primary duties of the CEPA Commissioners
are reviewed in Section 1.1, but also include conducting inspections
of waste facilities and transporters; entering into contracts; and
hiring staff.
Staff training will be provided by CEPA for the instruction of general
enforcement procedures and specific enforcement techniques. Examples
of staff training includes the training of the knowledge of codes,
minimum standards and local ordinances; the training of the knowledge
of individual permit content and requirements; and the training of
techniques used for inspection and monitoring. Applicants for
operating permits will also provide a training program to educate
employees on environmental concerns in managing solid waste and to
provide such employees with needed skills for the solid waste facility
or transportation equipment.
SECTION 9
FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION
9.1 FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION
The solid waste management program is the responsibility of the
General Council of the Campo Band of Mission Indians and CEPA. The
General Council is the legislative branch of the Tribal Government of
the Campo Indian Reservation and consists of all voting-age members of
the Campo Band of Mission Indians. The General Council's approval is
necessary for the implementation of any action or resolution regarding
the Reservation or the inhabitants thereof, and is therefore
ultimately responsible for the solid waste management program
implementation and management.
The General Council approved the formation of CEPA in 1988 as the lead
Tribal Agency for the Solid Waste Management Program. CEPA is
responsible for the implementation and enforcement of policies,
ordinances and regulations dealing with solid waste management, as
well as many other related duties.
9.2 FUNDING SOURCES
The Campo Band of Mission Indians General Fund (General Fund) will
provide most of the funds to finance the Reservation's solid waste
program. This General Fund consists of monies collected by the Tribe
from such things as leases, royalties, taxes and rent. It is likely
that federal or state grant money will be sought in the future to
supplement the General Fund to implement CEPA's solid waste program.
The major costs for CEPA's solid waste program include those for
collection and disposal of solid waste generated on the Reservation,
transportation and disposal of solid waste originating off the
Reservation, litter control, clean-up of existing dumps, and
enforcement activities. Because collection and disposal activities
must be performed on a regular basis, these activities constitute a
large portion of the over-all expenditures. The other activities are
performed on an as-needed basis and are not as cost intensive.
To meet the goals of the Solid Waste Management Plan, the Campo Band
of Mission Indians may negotiate and enter into long-term contacts for
the development of solid waste facilities, may enter into long-term
contracts for the operation of such facilities, and may secure
long-term markets for material and energy recovered from such
facilities.
SECTION 10
REFERENCES
Bond, W. 1971. Economic Geology of the Campo Indian Reservation,
unpublished Undergraduate Research Report, in California State
College, Geology Department.
Bowman, R. H. 1975. Soil Survey, San Diego Area, California, United
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California Code of Regulations, Title 14, Article 7.2.
California Code of Regulations, Title 23, Subchapter 15, Article 3.
California State Water Resources Control Board. 1975. Comprehensive
Water Quality Control Plan Report, San Diego Basin, Regional
Water Quality Control Board.
California Waste Management Board. 1985. A Comprehensive Plan for
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Campo Band of Mission Indians. 1990 Environmental Protection Act.
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Diego California.
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